What science can achieve is what might cause the eventual destruction of humanity. A review of what genetic engineering can achieve in genetics makes disputing the above statement even less unreasonable. The alteration of the genetic composition of organisms results in what is referred to as genetically modified GMO organisms. When these organisms were first discovered, they did not have many applications. However, that has changed today because their use is in many industries.
Genetic modification of organism owes its origin to selective breeding in which organisms with certain desired organisms are used in breeding the next generation of that organism. With advancements in genetics, scientists were able to alter DNA directly therefore altering genes. The first recombinant DNA was created by Paul Berg by combining DNA from two virus strains in 1972.
Experiments conducted in 1973 by Stanley Cohen and Herbert Boyer led to the creation of the first GMO. Transgenic mouse was later developed by Rudolf Jaenisch. Transgenic mouse resulted from insertion of foreign DNA into the embryo. Mice that could transmit their transgenes into subsequent generations were produced eight years later after the first transgenic mouse was developed.
A team of three scientists was the first to develop a genetically modified plant in 1983. The team was composed of Mary-Dell Chilton, Michael Bevan, and Richard Flavell. Through their experiment, they were able to develop disease resistant variety of tobacco. The invention of a gene gun occurred in 1987 and by the year 2000, the first ever plant with boosted nutrient value was produced.
The process of producing organisms with modified genes involves process of gene deletion, insertion, and mutation. Genes from a different species are inserted in the form of horizontal transfer of genes. This can occur naturally if for any reason exogenous DNA penetrates cell membrane. Gene modification may be done through various ways. First, the genes may be attached to viruses. Secondly, a very small syringe may be used to physically insert extra DNA into the nucleus of the target host.
The use of electric pulses represents the third technique in which introduction of DNA into organisms uses a pulse of electricity. Gene guns also find use as the fourth method in use. The intended host is fired with tiny particles using the gene gun. Natural methods are also available and the can be used to transfer genes. For instance, in plants, gene transfer can be done by the Agrobacterium whereas in animals, the same process can be achieved by lentiviruses.
Many applications and industries make use of GMOs. These organisms get used in manufacture of pharmaceutical drugs, agriculture, medical and biological research, and experimental medicine. The development and discovery of cures and treatments for numerous diseases is increasingly relying on GMOs. That is why many animals are being engineered genetically including sheep, rats, and pigs.
Many governments are involved in the regulation of how genetic modification of animals is done. Each country has different standards for regulation. Some of the major differences in government regulation are between European countries and the United States. Regulation is often dependent on the intended use of the GMO developed.
Genetic modification of organism owes its origin to selective breeding in which organisms with certain desired organisms are used in breeding the next generation of that organism. With advancements in genetics, scientists were able to alter DNA directly therefore altering genes. The first recombinant DNA was created by Paul Berg by combining DNA from two virus strains in 1972.
Experiments conducted in 1973 by Stanley Cohen and Herbert Boyer led to the creation of the first GMO. Transgenic mouse was later developed by Rudolf Jaenisch. Transgenic mouse resulted from insertion of foreign DNA into the embryo. Mice that could transmit their transgenes into subsequent generations were produced eight years later after the first transgenic mouse was developed.
A team of three scientists was the first to develop a genetically modified plant in 1983. The team was composed of Mary-Dell Chilton, Michael Bevan, and Richard Flavell. Through their experiment, they were able to develop disease resistant variety of tobacco. The invention of a gene gun occurred in 1987 and by the year 2000, the first ever plant with boosted nutrient value was produced.
The process of producing organisms with modified genes involves process of gene deletion, insertion, and mutation. Genes from a different species are inserted in the form of horizontal transfer of genes. This can occur naturally if for any reason exogenous DNA penetrates cell membrane. Gene modification may be done through various ways. First, the genes may be attached to viruses. Secondly, a very small syringe may be used to physically insert extra DNA into the nucleus of the target host.
The use of electric pulses represents the third technique in which introduction of DNA into organisms uses a pulse of electricity. Gene guns also find use as the fourth method in use. The intended host is fired with tiny particles using the gene gun. Natural methods are also available and the can be used to transfer genes. For instance, in plants, gene transfer can be done by the Agrobacterium whereas in animals, the same process can be achieved by lentiviruses.
Many applications and industries make use of GMOs. These organisms get used in manufacture of pharmaceutical drugs, agriculture, medical and biological research, and experimental medicine. The development and discovery of cures and treatments for numerous diseases is increasingly relying on GMOs. That is why many animals are being engineered genetically including sheep, rats, and pigs.
Many governments are involved in the regulation of how genetic modification of animals is done. Each country has different standards for regulation. Some of the major differences in government regulation are between European countries and the United States. Regulation is often dependent on the intended use of the GMO developed.
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