Heat treating refers to a collection of metalworking and industrial processes that are used for the alteration of physical properties of materials. Besides physical properties, the chemical properties may also be altered through these methods. Metallurgical is the most common application for this process. Industrial heat treating is not only used in the production of metal products, but also glass products and many others.
It requires extreme temperatures to do these processes. Either extremely cold or extremely hot temperatures are used. Such temperatures allow for hardening or softening materials. Like stated above, various processes are comprised in heat treatment, including normalizing, annealing, tempering, precipitation strengthening, aging, case hardening, and quenching. The term heat treatment is preserved for processes that lead to cooling or heating with the intentional of altering of material. Other processes that result in incidental heating and heating do not go by this name.
Different quality levels are achieved depending on precision of the timing and maintenance of temperature. The purpose of being very precise with the temperatures and timing is to achieve the desired qualities. Qualities often vary depending on the temperature and duration of heating. Undesirable results can be easily achieved if the temperatures and timing are not maintained precisely.
Annealing is usually a generalized term that consists of heating metal to a given temperature before cooling it at a certain rate. The rate of cooling is usually set at a point so as to generate a refined microstructure, with the constituents fully or partially separated. In general, the cooling is done at a slow rate. The reason for annealing a metal is to allow for cold working and enhancement of machinability and electrical conductivity among other qualities.
The reason why normalizing is done to a metal is to achieve uniformity in the composition and grain size. The temperature at which normalizing is done is determined by the types metal, but the typical range is 1550-1600 F. The heated metal is then left to undergo cooling in the open air. Hardness and strength are usually improved a lot in this process, although ductility may be questionable.
As suggested in the name, stress relieving is performed to eliminate or reduce internal stress in metals. The source of the stress is usually processes such as non-uniform cooling and cold working. The metal has to be heated to a temperature below the lower critical temperature before it is put through uniform cooling.
In quenching, the metal is cooled at a rapid rate. The intention of cooling at a rapid rate is to produce martensite transformation. If the alloy is ferrous, the metal produced will be harder while in non-ferrous alloys, the metal produced will be softer than normal. Quenching is done by heating them metal above the upper critical temperature and then cooling rapidly.
Temperatures are required to be maintained high for very long in many of these processes. This means that energy consumption is also very high. To avoid huge monthly energy bills, companies devise alternative energy sources that they can maintain less costly. Such sources are not connected to the national power grids. Power consumption is also more efficient in modern furnaces, which are computerized.
It requires extreme temperatures to do these processes. Either extremely cold or extremely hot temperatures are used. Such temperatures allow for hardening or softening materials. Like stated above, various processes are comprised in heat treatment, including normalizing, annealing, tempering, precipitation strengthening, aging, case hardening, and quenching. The term heat treatment is preserved for processes that lead to cooling or heating with the intentional of altering of material. Other processes that result in incidental heating and heating do not go by this name.
Different quality levels are achieved depending on precision of the timing and maintenance of temperature. The purpose of being very precise with the temperatures and timing is to achieve the desired qualities. Qualities often vary depending on the temperature and duration of heating. Undesirable results can be easily achieved if the temperatures and timing are not maintained precisely.
Annealing is usually a generalized term that consists of heating metal to a given temperature before cooling it at a certain rate. The rate of cooling is usually set at a point so as to generate a refined microstructure, with the constituents fully or partially separated. In general, the cooling is done at a slow rate. The reason for annealing a metal is to allow for cold working and enhancement of machinability and electrical conductivity among other qualities.
The reason why normalizing is done to a metal is to achieve uniformity in the composition and grain size. The temperature at which normalizing is done is determined by the types metal, but the typical range is 1550-1600 F. The heated metal is then left to undergo cooling in the open air. Hardness and strength are usually improved a lot in this process, although ductility may be questionable.
As suggested in the name, stress relieving is performed to eliminate or reduce internal stress in metals. The source of the stress is usually processes such as non-uniform cooling and cold working. The metal has to be heated to a temperature below the lower critical temperature before it is put through uniform cooling.
In quenching, the metal is cooled at a rapid rate. The intention of cooling at a rapid rate is to produce martensite transformation. If the alloy is ferrous, the metal produced will be harder while in non-ferrous alloys, the metal produced will be softer than normal. Quenching is done by heating them metal above the upper critical temperature and then cooling rapidly.
Temperatures are required to be maintained high for very long in many of these processes. This means that energy consumption is also very high. To avoid huge monthly energy bills, companies devise alternative energy sources that they can maintain less costly. Such sources are not connected to the national power grids. Power consumption is also more efficient in modern furnaces, which are computerized.
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